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Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons
formed from the remains of dead plants and animals. The theory that hydrocarbons
were formed from these remains was first introduced by Mikhail Lomonosov in
1757. In common dialogue, the term fossil fuel also includes hydrocarbon-containing
natural resources that are not derived from animal or plant sources. These are
sometimes known instead as mineral fuels. The utilization of fossil fuels has
enabled large-scale industrial development and largely supplanted water-driven
mills, as well as the combustion of wood or peat for heat. A simple definition
is "Any combustible organic material, as oil, coal, or natural gas, derived
from the remains of former life."
Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic
materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to
crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure
in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years. [1]
When generating electricity, energy from the combustion of fossil fuels is often
used to power a turbine. Older generators often used steam generated by the
burning of the fuel to turn the turbine, but in newer power plants the gases
produced by burning of the fuel turn a gas turbine directly.
With global modernization in the 20th and 21st centuries, the thirst for energy
from fossil fuels, especially gasoline derived from oil, is one of the causes
of major regional and global conflicts. A global movement toward the generation
of renewable energy is therefore underway to help meet the increased global
energy needs.
The burning of fossil fuels by
humans is the largest source of emissions
of carbon dioxide, which is one of the greenhouse gases that allows radiative
forcing and contributes to global warming. A small portion of hydrocarbon-based
fuels are biofuels derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide, and thus do not
increase the net amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.Environmental effects
In the United States, more than 90% of greenhouse
gas emissions come from the combustion of fossil fuels.[1] In addition other
air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, VOCs, and heavy metals
are produced.
It is not as commonly known that radioactive materials are also produced, mainly
uranium and thorium, and released directly into the atmosphere. In 2000, about
12,000 metric tons of thorium and 5,000 metric tons of uranium were released
worldwide from burning coal.[2] It is estimated that during 1982, US coal burning
released 155 times as much radioactivity into the atmosphere as the Three Mile
Island incident
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